Types of marriages - 2

Book 3 ; Chapter 2 ; Part 2

6. मिथः समवायाद् गान्धर्वः ।

* मिथ: - mutually/together ; समवायः - union/combination ( can it mean agreement ?)
* Translator: The voluntary union with her lover is called Gaandharva

7. शुल्कादानाद् आसुरः ।

* Once more, its not yet clear who gives whom shulkaH ( money)

8. प्रसह्यादानाद् राक्षसः ।

* By force / violently ... tranlsator uses : abduction

9. सुप्तमत्तादानात् पैशाचः

* यदि सुप्तसमयॆ वा मत्तसमयॆ वा भवति तर्हि पैशाचः
* In sleep or in a state of intoxication ( if abducted) is called paishaacha

10. पितृप्रमाश्चत्वारः पूर्वॆ धर्म्याः मातापितृप्रमाणाः शॆषाः ।

* As stated in the last post, out of the 8, four are are ancestral customs of old and are valid on their being approved of by the father. The rest four are to be sanctioned by both the father and the mother (Or in other words, if there is no sanction from both parents, they are adhaarmic)

The next post will start talking about "dowry" !! to be continued ....

Types of marriages -1

Book 3 ; Chapter 2 ; Part 1

1. विवाहपूर्वो व्यवहारः

* विवाहः - marriage पूर्वः - before (adj); व्यवहारः - judicial procedure / relation / conduct / commerce
* translation found: Marriage is the basis of all disputes
* तस्य वाक्यस्य अर्थः तथा कथम् भवितुम् शक्नॊति ?
* How did the translator arrive at that ?
* विवाहः व्यवहारस्य पूर्वः - marriage preceedes judicial procedure ??
* Could it mean विवाहस्य पूर्वः व्यवहारः - relation/commerce preceeds marriage ?

2.कन्यादानम् कन्यां आलङ्कृत्य ब्राह्मॊ विवाहः

* यदि विवाहः कन्यां आलङ्कृत्या अस्ति तस्य नाम "ब्राह्मविवाहः"
* Giving a daughter in marriage adorned is "Brahma marriage"

3.सहधर्माचर्या प्राजापत्यः

* सहधर्मम् आचर्या करॊति चॆत् तस्य नाम "प्राजापत्य"
* If performed by "according to dharma" ?????? its called praajapatya
* translation found: The joint performance of sacred duties by a man and a woman is known as "prajapatya-marriage."


4. गॊमिथुनादानाद् आर्षः

* मिथुन (adj) - paired .. दानात् - दानकारणात्
* If there is giving of a pair of cows involved, its "aarsha"
* कः कस्मै गॊमिथुनम् ददाति इति अत्र स्पष्टम् नास्ति । प्रायः अग्रॆ दत्तम् अस्ति । पश्यामः
* Its not clear who gives whom.. may be one of the future lines will explain... And it may throw some light into whether or not the custom of dowry existed in ancient India or it was indeed a custom brought in by the invaders of India as Professor Veena Talwar Oldenbergh claims

5. अन्तर्वॆद्यां ऋत्विजॆ दानात् दैवः

* ऋत्तिज् - ऋत्विजे - to the priest ; अन्तर्वेद्याम् - in antarvedi ( a temple in india ??)
* If the girl is given to a priest its called "daiva"

footnote: number 10 says पितृप्रमाणाश्चत्वाराः पूर्वॆ धर्म्याः
प्रथमाः चत्वाराः विवाहाः पितृप्रमाणाः पूर्वॆ धर्म्याः च
The first four (listed) r sanctioned by father , old (custom) and righteous

to be continued.......